2.dos Difficulties with existing data
As dowry try lawfully banned into the India and Bangladesh, some body constantly think twice to tell you real dowry wide variety. The quality concern toward dowry regarding Indian dataset requires on community-oriented dowry. Like, the India Individual Development Questionnaire asks “Basically in your community for Yazar hakkД±nda daha fazla bilgi children particularly your own personal, do you know the sorts of issues that are given given that gift suggestions during the time of the daughter’s matrimony?” A community-centered dowry isn’t the same as one dowry, that’s paid from the bride’s parents during the time of relationships. Alternatively, practical question regarding dowry lets just a digital answer, we.elizabeth., even when a confident number of dowry are repaid (elizabeth.g., Survey to the Standing of females and you will Virility in both Asia and you can Pakistan). A digital answer, of course, doesn’t bring far facts. Standard off whether a positive dowry count is provided matches so you can, that’s mostly explained by the, ethnic, spiritual, and caste experiences in Southern China.
Since dowry isn’t lawfully prohibited within the Pakistan, the amount in person repaid because of the female respondent’s moms and dads would be expected without scheduling when you look at the a beneficial Pakistani dataset like the Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. Even in the event Pakistani interviewees may not intentionally cover true details about dowry techniques, the brand new questionnaire can get nonetheless contain recall mistakes while the respondents need certainly to recall the new dowry number paid back of the its mothers in the past. Shape 1a plots new predicted amount of actual dowry thinking counted when you look at the Pakistani Rupees when you look at the 2004 on to relationship seasons using studies regarding the new Pakistan Rural Household Survey. Just like the consensus is that genuine dowry amounts is growing, or at least exhibit a non-decreasing trend, brand new shape means the general desire from recall problems. Put simply, the offered the fresh new pit involving the interviewees’ marriage together with keep in mind time, the more likely he could be so you can overestimate the brand new dowry matter.
Dating anywhere between ladies’ ounts. The brand new line reveals the fresh forecast genuine level of dowry regressed towards the ladies’ relationship seasons. The new shaded urban area suggests 95% believe period of forecast quantity of dowry. The knowledge sources of (a) and (b) are Pakistan Outlying Family Survey 2004, and also the rural domestic questionnaire held because of the journalist in the 2013, correspondingly
3 Data
With the best of our training, data accumulated within this investigation would be the very first to consider clearly a broad habit of overestimate an amount paid back lengthy before. Just like the functions of in earlier times built-up research, ours are retrospective; not, according to which interest, we such as for example used particular efforts to reduce survey recall errors. Including, we asked for the amount of both area-oriented dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry count reduced at the time of brand new respondent’s marriage (retrospective). Because the Pakistani dowry consists of silver/jewellery, attire, chairs, cooking equipment, and so on, we queried dowry wide variety from the item. When we believed a beneficial respondent’s overestimation of dowry amount, especially in happening off a marriage one to occurred an effective long time before, because dowry is actually exhibited, we are able to and you may performed check these amounts having people who attended this new service. For that reason, our very own study on predicted real levels of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not show any coming down pattern, on the other hand which have those people stated inside the Fig. 1a.
3.step one Survey
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).